Solutions: Computer Fundamentals (कंप्यूटर के बारे मे सामान्‍य जानकारी)

dEI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk %&

dEI;wVj ,d Electronic Machine gSA blds }kjk Mathematical or Non Mathematical work fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj gkMZfo;j vkSj lk¶Vfo;j ls feydj cuk gSA ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e’khu gSA

dEI;wVj dh fo"ks’krk,sa %&

1. Speed¼xfr½%& dEI;wVj cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh xfr dks gV`Zl esa ukik tkrk gSA

2. Automatic :- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks vius vki djrk gSA bls ,d ckj funsZ”k djus ds ckn og dk;Z dHkh Hkh djk ldrs gS vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fuxjkuh dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA

3. Accuracy ('kq/nrk):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks cgqr “kq}rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo ds

}kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks cgqr rhozxfr ls “kq} dsydqys”ku dj nsxk A

4. Multitalented(loZHkkSfedrk) :- dEI;wVj ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftls nqfu;k ds fdlh

Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e’khugSA

5. Mamory :- dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks vko”;drk ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh eseksjh esa ;g fo”ks’krk ugha gSA ekuo dsoy egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko”;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA

6. FkdkoV %& dEI;wVj 24X7 fnuksa dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA tksfd ekuo ds vanj ugh gSA ;g dHkh

Fkdrk ugh gSA tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn Fkd tkrk gSA vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA

7. bZekunkjh (Honest):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gSA tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z dks

bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

8. UserFriendly :- dEI;wVj ;wtjQzUMyh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA

9. dEI;wVj de ikoj dk ;wt djrk gSA

10.blls ge ns’k nqfu;k ls laokn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA

Weakness (deh;kW) :-

1. NO IQ :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA

;gh otg gS fd dEI;wVj ekuo dk xqyke gSA

2. No Feeling :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA

Brief History of Development of Computer(dEI;wVj dk laf{kIr fodkl dze):-

dEI;wVj dk fodkl dze 3000 o’kZ iqjkuk gSA phu us lcls igys x.kuk ;a= vcsdl dk vfo’dkj fd;k Fkk A
;g ,d ;kaf=d fMokbl gSAftldk mi;ksx vkt Hkh phu tkiku ,f'k;k lfgr vU; ns’kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vcsdl rkjksa dk ,d Qzse gksrk gSA bu rkjksa esa IykfLVd ;k /kkrq ds xksys fijks;s jgrs gSA izkjaHk esa vcsdl dk mi;ksx O;kikjh x.kuk,sad jus ds fy; djrs FksA ;g e'khu vadks dks tksM+us ]?kVkus ] xq.kk ;k Hkkx ds fy;s mi;ksx fd tkrh gSA
blds 'krkfCn;ksa ckn vU; e’khusa vadks dh x.kuk ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZA
17oha “krkCnh esa Qzkal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d vadh; x.kuk ;a= lu~ 1645 esa fodflr fd;k A
bl e’khudks ,fMax e’khu dgrs gSA D;ksafd ;g e’khu dsoy tksM ;k ?kVk ldrh Fkh
;g e’khu?kM+h vkSj vksMksehVj ds fl}kar ij dk;Z djrh FkhA
blesa dbZ nkrsa;qDr pdfj;kW Fkha tks ?kwerh jgrh Fkha A pdjh;ksa ds nkarksa ij 0 ls 9 rd ds vad Nis jgrs FksA
izR;sd Pkdjh dk ,d LFkkUkh; eku gksrk Fkk A
izR;sd pdjh Loa; ls fiNyh pdjh ds ,d pDdj yxkus ij ,d vad ij ?kwerh FkhA
Cyst ikLdy ds bl ,fMax e'khu dks ikLdykbu dgrs gSA tks lcls igyk x.kuk ;a= Fkk A vkt Hkh dkj ;k ckbZd ds LihMksehVj esa ;gh ;a= dk;Z djrk gSA
bldk fodflr :Ik 1694 esa teZu ds xf.krK o nk”kZfud xkWVQzsM foygse okWu yscuht us rS;kj fd;k Fkk ftldk uke jsd~fuax e’khu;k yscuht pdz dgrs gSA
;g e’khutksM ?kVkus ds vykok xq.kk o Hkkx djus esa Hkh l{ke Fkh
इसके ckn dbZ x.kuk ;=a fodflr fd;s x;sA

एबेकस पास्कलाइन

tsdkM~Zl ywe (Jacquard Loom):- lu~ 1801 esa Qzkalhlh cqudj tkslsQ tsdkMZ us diM+s cquus ds ,sls ywe dk vkfo’dkj fd;k tks diM+ks es Lor% gh fMtkbu ;k iSVuZ nsrk FkkA bl ywe dh fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fd ;g diM+s ds fMtkbu dks dkMZcksMZ ds fNnz;qDr iapdMksZ ls fu;fU;= djrk Fkk A iapdkMZ ij fNnzksa dh mifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfr }kjk /kkxksa dks funsf’kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A

tsdkMZ ds bl ywqe us nks fopkj/kkjk;sa nha tks vkxs dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa mi;ksxh fl} gqbZA igyh ;g dh

lwpukvksa dks iapdkMZ ij dksfMM fd;k x;k A

nwljh ;g dh iapdkMZ ij lax`ghr lwpuk funsZ’kksa dk lweg gSA ftlls iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke esa fy;k tk;sxk rks funsZ’kksZ dk ;g lewg ,d iksxzke ds :Ik esa dk;Z djsXkkA

Jacquard Loom

pkYlZ CkSCkst dk fMQjsal baftu (Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine):-

dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa mUuhloha “kkrkCnh dk izkjfEHkd le; Lof.kZe ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA vaxzst xf.krK pkYlZ cScst us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk e’khufodflr djus dh vko’;drk rc eglwl dh tcfd x.kuk ds fy, cuh gqbZ lkj.kh;ksa esa =qfV vkrh Fkh A pwafd ;s Vsfcy gLr fufeZr FkhaA blfy;s blesa =qfV vkrh FkhA

pkYlZ cScst us lu~ 1822 esa ,d e’khudk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fczfV’k ljdkjs ogu fd;k A ml e’khudk uke fMQjsUl baftu j[kk x;kA bl e’khuesa fx;j vkSj “kk¶V yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh Fkh A

blds ckn lu~ 1833 esa pkYlZ cScst us fMQjsal baftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy baftu rS;kj fd;k A

;g e’khudbZ izdkj ds x.kuk dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fkh A blesa funssZ”kksa dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk Fkh A vkSj blds }kjk Lopfyr :Ik esa ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk ldrs FksA

CkScst dk dEI;wVj ds {kS= esa cgqr ;ksxnku jgk A cScst dk ,sukfyfVdy baftu vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk vk/kkj cuk

vkSj ;gh dj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg dgk tkrk gSA

cScst ds ,sukfyfVyd baftu dks igys csdkj le>k x;k A ysfdu ckn esa ,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy baftu esa

esa x.kuk ds funsZ”kksa dks fodflr djus esa enn dh A blh dj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys izksxzkej dk Js; tkrk gSA vkWxLVk dks lEekfur djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dh ,d Hkk’kk dk uke ,Mk (ADA) j[kk x;kA

Charles Babbage

ADA Augusta

gksysfjFk lsall VscqysVj (Hollerith Census Taulator):-

lu~ 1890 esa dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gqbZ ] og Fkh vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z A lu~ 1890 ls iwoZ tux.kuk dk dk;Z ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1880 esa “kq: dh xbZ tux.kuk esa lkr o’kZ dk le; yxkA dl le; esa tux.kuk ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d e’khucukbZ ftlesa iapdkMZ dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml e’khudh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk djus esa dsoy rhu o’kZ dk le; yxkA tksfd cgqr gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 esa gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a= cukus VscqysfVax e’khudEIkuh cukbZ A lu~ 1911 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj dEI;wVj VscqysfVax fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA

lu~ 1924 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj vkbZ ch ,e gks x;k A ftldk iwjk uke baVjus”kyu fctusl e’khugks x;kA tks dh vkt fo”o dh dEI;wVj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh dEIkuh gks x;h gSA

1.Aiken and Mark 1 (vkbdsu vkSj ekdZ & 1):-

Lku~ 1940 esa Electromechanical Computing vius f'k[kj ij igqWp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj 'kh’kZ bathfu;jksa o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu us lu~ 1944 esa ,d e’khu dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn esa bl e’khu dk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo'o dk lcls igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA

blesa 500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic Connection FksA ;g 6 lsd.M esa ,d xq.kk vkSj 12 lsd.M esa ,d Hkkx dh fdz;k dj ldrk FkkA

2. ABC:-

vkbdsu vkSj vkbZ ch ,e ds ekdZ &1 dh rduhdh ubZ bysDVkWfuDl rduhdh vkus ls iqjkuh gks x;h Fkh A

ubZ bysDVªkWfuDl rduhdh esa dksbZ ;kaf=d iqtkZ lapkfyr djus dh vko';drk ugha Fkh A tcfd ekdZ &1

,d fo|rq e’khu FkhA

3. The ENIAC (1993-46):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square feet room ds cjkcj Fkk blesa 18000 fuokZr uyh;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d tksM 200 micro seconds esa djrk FkkA vkSj Hkkx 2000 Micro Sceconds esa A

4. The EDVAC (1946 - 52):- bl dk iwjk uke Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer FkkA ;g igyk fMftVy dEI;wVj FkkA

5. The EDSAC(1947-49):- bldk iwjk uke Electronic Delay Automatic Calculator FkkA ;g igyk dEI;wVj Fkk ftl ij izksxzke dks ju fd;k x;k FkkA

6. The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iwjk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g igyk fMftVy dEI;wVj FkkA vkSj ;g O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus ckyk izFke dEI;wVj FkkA blds ckn IBM us 701

Commercial Computer rS;kj djk FkkA

The Computer Generations (dEI;wVj dh ih<+h;kW)

dEI;wVj dks rduhdh (Technology)ds vk/kkj ij ikWp ih<+h;ksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA

1. First Generation (1945-1955)

2. Second Generation (1955-1964)

3. Third Generation (1964-1975)

4. Fourth Generation (1975-1989)

5. Fifth Generation (1989 To Present)

First Generation (1945-1955) izFke ih<h:- dEI;wVj dh izFke ih<+h dh 'kq#vkr 1945 ls ekuh tkrh gSA

bl tujs’ku esa Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

bl ih<+h dh fuEu fo’ks"krk,W gSA

1. bl ih<h esa fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum Tube) Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

2. ;g dEI;wVj ml le; ds vuqlkj cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dsydqys’ku djrs FksA

3. ;g lkbt esa cgqr cMs gksrs FksA

4. ;g fo/kqr dk vf/kd iz;ksx djrs Fks A

5. bu dks pykuk dfBu gksrk FkkA

6. blesa e’khu Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi ,oa iapdkMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

8. budk j[k[kko dfBu FkkA

Second Generation (1955-1964) f}rh; ih<+h%& Second Generation dh 'kq:vkr 1956 ls 1964 rd ekuh tkrh gS A bl ih<+h essa Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk fodkl Willom Shockly us

1947 esa fd;k FkkA

Second Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&

1. blesa Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

2. bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ls cgqr vf/kd Fkh A

3. budh lkbt NksVh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd bles transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k Xk;k FkkA

4. bles vLksEcyh ,oa gkbZ ysfcy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

5. ;g de xeZ gksrs FksA

6. budks pykuk vklku FkkA

7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

Third Generation (1964 -1975) :- dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs’ku esa vkbZ lh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dk iwjk uke Integrated Circuit gSA IC dk fodkl

1958 esa Jack Kilby us fd;k FkkA

Third Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&

1. blesa IC Technology(SSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA SSI dk iwjk uke Small Scale

Integration gSA bl fpi ij 10 ls 20 rRo LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. ;g izFke ,oa f}rh; ih<+h ls cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs FksA

3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA

4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd fo’olhuh;s FksA

5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA

6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

Fourth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr 1975 ls 1989 rd ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs’ku esa vkbZ lh dh vk/kqfud rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dh ;g rduhdh VLSI Fkh bldk iwjk uke Very Large Scale Integration gSA bl vkbZ lh fpi ij nl ls chl gtkj Components dks ,d fpi ij yxk;k Fkk ftl ds dkj.k budh xfr rhljh ih<+h dh vkis{kk cgqr vf/kd Fkh

Fourth Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&

1. blesa IC Technology(VLSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Very Large Scale Integration gSA

bl fpi ij 10000 ls 20000 Elements LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. ;g rhljh ih<+h ls cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs FksA

3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA

4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd fo’olhuh;s FksA

5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA

6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

8. ;g fo/kqr dk cgqr de iz;ksx djrs gSA

9. budk j[kj[kko ljy Fkk ,oa budks Operate djuk ljy FkkA

Fifth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh iape ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr 1989 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs’ku esa vkbZ lh

dh vk/kqfud rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dh ;g rduhdh ULSI Fkh bldk iwjk uke Ultra Large Scale Integration gSA bl vkbZ lh fpi ij nl djksM ls vf/kd Components dks ,d fpi ij yxk;k Fkk ftl ds dkj.k budh xfr PkkSFkh ih<+h dh vkis{kk cgqr vf/kd Fkh

Fifth Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&

1. blesa IC Technology(ULSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Ultra Large Scale Integration

gSA bl fpi ij nl djksM ls vf/kd Elements dsk ,d fpi ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

2. ;g PkkSFkh ih<+h dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs FksA

3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA ftudks ge xksnh ,oa gFksyh ij j[k dj pyk ldrs gSA

4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd fo’olhuh;s FksA

5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk tks vf/kd ljy gSA bu Hkk"kkvksa esa

GUI Interface dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd ,oa fpi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk A tSls isu MkbZo A

8. ;g fo/kqr dk cgqr de iz;ksx djrs gSA

9. budk j[kj[kko ljy Fkk ,oa budks Operate djuk ljy FkkA

Type of Computers(dEI;wVj ds izdkj)

vyx vyx vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

A. Type of Computer Base on Application :- ,Iyhds’k ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Analog Compute r

2. Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr djrs gSA ;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA tSl FkEkkZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugh djrk fdUrq ;g ikjs ds lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk dj rkieku crkrk gSA ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa Engineering ds {kS= ess fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksa fd bu {kS=ksa esa ifjeki dk iz;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSA

2. Digital Computer :& ;g dEI;wVj vadks dh x.kuk djrs gSSA fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izksxzke dks

0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA vf/kdk’kar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj fMfyVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA

3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksukssa dk dk;Z djrs gSA hybrid computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

B. Type of Computer Base on Purpose : mns’; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. General Purpose computer

2. Special Purpose Computer

1. General Purpose computer :- ;g os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftlls lekU; dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA tSls i=

ys[ku MkVkcsl ls lacf/kr dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa nqdkuksa fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Special Purpose Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA buds lhih;w lekU; dEI;wVj dh vkis{kk eagxs gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx fuEu {kS=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

TkSls ekSle foKku ] d`f"k foKku ] ;q} ] ,oa varfj{k vkfn foKku esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSSA

Type of Computer Base on Size and work power:- vkdkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj fuEUkizdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Micro Computer

2. Work Station Computer

3. Mini Computer

4. Mainframe Computer

5. Super Computer

1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj dk fodkl 1970 ds n’kd esa gqvk FkkA bu dEI;wVj esa ekbdzks izkslslj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk A blfy; bUgsa ekbZdkzs dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g out esa gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA

a. Desktop Computer b. Laptop Computer c. Palmtop Computer

d. Notebook Computer e. Tablet Computer

Ø Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gksrs gSA


डेस्क टॉप कंप्यूटर Ø Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs ,oa ctu esa gYds gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh gSA

Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA ;g

VpLdzhu gksrs gSA

2. Workstation Computer:- Workstation Computer dk iz;ksx NksVs O;kikj esa loZj ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g

vkdkj esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj ls cMs gksrs gSA

3. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA

budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk gkMZos;j lekU; dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA

budk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl

dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k Fkk A bldk vkdkj fQt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us cuk;k FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA

4. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj

ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk Mini Computer ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA

budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh¼24X7 days½ gSA budk gkMZos;j ehuh dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA

bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

dqqN Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA

IBM 4381, ICL 39,CDC Cyber etc.

5. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks"k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA

bu dEI;wVj essa vusd lhih;w dks ,d lekUrj dze esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk

cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA

Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj ije gSA

lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&

· varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s

· ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s

· high resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;s

· ;q} ds fy,

Solutions

Tuesday, June 24, 2014

Computer Fundamentals (कंप्यूटर के बारे मे सामान्‍य जानकारी)

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Computer Terms